THE NEW administrative-law doctrines announced by the federal courts in the early 1970s have unquestionably had a major effect on national politics and policy. Court rulings have increased the power of public-interest groups (especially environmental and civil-rights organizations), strengthened the hand of congressional subcommittees and their staffs, weakened White House and OMB control over administrative agencies, and generally produced more stringent regulation and more expensive entitlement programs.  Nearly every federal agency has been touched by the “reformation” of American administrative law.