In 1966, a new form of decision-making, called Planning-Programming-Budgeting System, hailed by its adherents as revolutionary in its implications, was ordered introduced into each cabinet agency by President Johnson. (See “PPBS Comes to Washington” by Virginia Held, The Public Interest, Summer, 1966.) PPBS is a system of grouping together under one rubric similar functions (in the U. S. government today, “education” is dispersed among 40 different agencies) and making comparisons of objectives and programs to see which are more “effective.”